Was Snowden a Russian Agent? Charlie Savageby Edward Jay Epstein. Knopf, 3. 50 pp., $2. Snowdena film directed by Oliver Stone. One evening in the fall of 2. Edward Jay Epstein arranged to have dinner at an Italian restaurant on the Upper East Side with the director Oliver Stone. At the time, Stone was completing Snowden, an admiring biopic about the former intelligence contractor Edward J.
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Snowden, who disclosed a vast trove of classified documents about National Security Agency surveillance programs to journalists in June 2. Russia. Epstein was working on a book about the same topic, which has now been published under the title How America Lost Its Secrets: Edward Snowden, the Man and the Theft. As the writer recounts in that book, their conversation took a testy turn: Toward the end of our dinner, Stone told me that he did not know I was writing a book about Snowden until a few weeks earlier. He learned of my book from Snowden himself. He said Snowden had expressed concern to him about the direction of the book I was writing.
What is it about?” Stone asked me. I was taken aback. I had no idea that Snowden was aware of my book.
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I had not tried to contact him.) I told Stone that I considered Snowden an extraordinary man who had changed history and was intentionally vague in my description of my book’s contents. Stone seemed to be reassured…. Edward Snowden; drawing by James Ferguson. Epstein and Stone had a history of rivalry when it came to interpreting another important historical event: the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Early in his career, Epstein wrote three books about that topic. The first, Inquest (1. Watch A Common Man Online Hitfix.
Warren Commission’s official investigation. The second, Counterplot (1. New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, who pursued the theory that the Central Intelligence Agency orchestrated the president’s murder. And the third, Legend (1.
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- This is a list of major whistleblowers from various countries. The individuals below brought attention to abuses of government or large corporations.
Oswald’s image as a mixed- up loner with half- baked Marxist ideas was an operational cover story—a “legend”—and that he had been a Soviet intelligence agent. After the Soviet Union collapsed, the opening of the KGB’s archives did not corroborate the theory that Oswald had actually been a trained intelligence agent.)Stone waded into those same murky waters with his 1. JFK, which used a fictionalized version of Garrison’s investigation as a means to explore the theory that a right- wing conspiracy, spanning the CIA and the military- industrial complex, had been responsible for Kennedy’s death. The following year, Stone and Epstein were invited to be part of a panel discussion at New York’s Town Hall about the Kennedy assassination and the film’s controversial blending of fact and fiction. In preparation, according to a diary entry on Epstein’s website, he brought a 3×5 card on which he wrote: Although they may aim at the same purpose of finding truth, non- fiction and fiction are two distinct forms of knowledge. Watch Broken English Online Mic more. The writer of non- fiction is limited by the universe of discoverable fact.
He cannot make up what he does not know—no matter how strong his intuition or suspicion. The writer of fiction knows no such boundary: He can fill in whatever gaps exist with his imagination. Now, years later, the two men once again found themselves eying each other as they circled the Snowden saga. The conventional understanding of Snowden is that he was what he appeared to be: a computer worker in the intelligence world who became alarmed about the hidden growth of the American surveillance state and decided to reveal its operations to the world, copied archives of documents, and handed them to journalists whom he had summoned to Hong Kong and whom he entrusted to decide what to publish. Within the mainstream spectrum of interpretations of his actions, at one end are civil libertarians who consider him simply to be a heroic whistle- blower. At the other extreme are members of the national security establishment who consider him nothing more than a destructive traitor.
In between are a range of those who think some of his disclosures met the high standard for “whistle- blowing”; that other disclosures brought to light important things that should not have been kept secret in a democracy—but that were also not necessarily, in and of themselves, abuses or overreaches; and that still other disclosures went too far and were not a public service. Stone’s movie, which premiered in September, presents a comic- book version of the pro- Snowden narrative in which a wunderkind super- hacker takes on Big Brother. In telling that story, Stone mixes accurate material with fiction, while simplifying away complexities. His movie steps on the genuine privacy issues raised by Snowden’s disclosures with melodramatic embellishments, such as a scene in which an invented senior NSA official, his Orwellian face filling a floor- to- ceiling screen, casually reveals that he knows whether the Snowden character’s girlfriend is sleeping with another man. It omits actual Snowden disclosures whose individual privacy rationale was debatable, such as when he showed the South China Morning Post documents about the NSA’s hacking into certain institutional computers in China. And its discussion of the volume of Internet metadata the NSA collects from equipment inside the United States ignores any distinction between truly domestic e- mails and foreign- to- foreign messages that are merely traveling across domestic network switches.
Epstein’s book, by contrast, presents a negative view of Snowden. But the two works are not equivalent: Epstein does not merely oversimplify with the purpose of downplaying the benefits of Snowden’s leaks and emphasizing the harms. Rather he contends that the conventional narrative of what happened may have been a deceptive cover story.
Epstein lays out the case that behind his image as a whistle- blower Snowden was instead an “espionage source” for Russia—perhaps its dupe at first, or perhaps its willing spy all along: The counterintelligence issue was not if this US intelligence defector in Moscow was under Russian control but when he came under it. There were three possible time periods when Snowden might have been brought under control by the Russian intelligence service: while he was still working for the NSA; after he arrived in Hong Kong on May 2. Russia on June 2. The reader should know that Laura Poitras, one of the journalists to whom Snowden leaked documents in Hong Kong, later shared some of them with me, and we developed several articles from them for The New York Times.
In addition, as part of a book on national security, I wrote a history of how surveillance technology, law, and policy secretly evolved in the decades following Congress’s enactment of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1. It explained how the rise of fiber- optic networks in the late 1. Internet in the 1. Bush administration bypassed those rules after September 1. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Congress to legalize what it had created lawlessly; and how the Obama administration decided to keep and entrench what it inherited.
I could not have written that history without the files disclosed by Snowden and information the government declassified because of his leaks. While there had been stray glimpses for years suggesting that the NSA was becoming far more powerful, facts were scarce and speculation and conspiracy theories had filled the void.